è±èªæè²ã«ãããŠãé·å¹Žã«ããããè¡å䞻矩çבè¡åäž»çŸ©ç’ (kÅdÅshugi-teki) refers to a ‘behaviorist’ approach, which emphasizes learning through repetition and conditioning.
Grammar:
– ç (-teki) turns a noun into a na-adjective.
Usage: This term is often used in academic and educational contexts.
Example:
è¡å䞻矩çãªåŠç¿æ³ã¯ãå埩緎ç¿ãéèŠããŸãã
Behaviorist learning methods emphasize repetition.
Note: Used to describe an approach rather than a person.ã¢ãããŒãããäž»æµãšãããŠããŸããב䞻æµãšãããŠããŸãã’ (shuryÅ« to sarete kimashita) means ‘has been considered mainstream.’
Grammar:
– äž»æµ (shuryÅ«): mainstream
– ãšããã (to sareru): passive form of to suru (to consider), indicating something is considered to be
– ãŠããŸãã (te kimashita): indicates a continuous state
Usage: Used to describe a belief that has been prevalent for some time.
Example:
ãã®çè«ã¯é·å¹Žãäž»æµãšãããŠããŸããã
This theory has been considered mainstream for many years.
Note: The passive voice here indicates an established belief.ãç¹ã«æ¥æ¬ã®åŠæ ¡æè²ã§ã¯ããã®æ¹æ³ãçŸåšã§ãåºãæ¡çšãããŠããŸããããããèšèªç¿åŸã«é¢ããç ç©¶ã®é²å±×‘é²å±’ (shinten) means ‘progress’ or ‘development,’ often used for advancements in research or technology.
Grammar:
– é² (shin): to advance
– å± (ten): to expand, develop
Usage: Used to describe progress of research or technology.
Example:
ç§åŠæè¡ã®é²å±ã¯ç®èŠãŸããã
The progress in science and technology is remarkable.
Note: This word emphasizes positive change.ã«ããããã®åŸæ¥×‘åŸæ¥’ (jÅ«rai) means ‘conventional’ or ‘traditional.’ It refers to the way things have been done up to the present time.
Grammar:
– åŸ (jÅ«): to follow, to obey
– æ¥ (rai): to come, coming from
Usage: Often used to contrast with new ideas or methods.
Example:
åŸæ¥ã®ããæ¹ã¯éå¹ççã§ãã
The conventional method is inefficient.
Note: This term implies the standard way of doing something for some time.ã®æ¹æ³ã«ã¯å€ãã®åé¡ãããããšãæããã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã
以äžãåŸæ¥×‘åŸæ¥’ (jÅ«rai) means ‘conventional’ or ‘traditional,’ indicating past practices or norms.
Grammar:
– åŸ (jÅ«): to follow, to obey
– æ¥ (rai): to come
Usage: Used to refer to established ways of thinking or doing things, especially when contrasting it with something new.
Example:
åŸæ¥ã®ã·ã¹ãã ã«ã¯å€ãã®æ¬ é¥ããããŸãã
The conventional system has many flaws.
Note: It implies something from the past being juxtaposed to something more modern.ã®èãæ¹ãšãã®åé¡ç¹ã詳ããèŠãŠãããŸãããã
1. ãèšèªã¯ç¿æ
£åœ¢æ×‘ç¿æ
£åœ¢æ’ (shÅ«kan keisei) means ‘habit formation,’ referring to the process of developing habits through repeated actions.
Grammar:
– ç¿æ
£ (shÅ«kan): habit
– 圢æ (keisei): formation
Usage: Often used in discussions about learning, behavior, and psychology.
Example:
è¯ãç¿æ
£åœ¢æã¯ãç®æšéæã«äžå¯æ¬ ã§ãã
Good habit formation is essential for achieving goals.
Note: This term emphasizes the act of making something a habit.ã«ãã£ãŠåŠã°ããããšããèãæ¹
åŸæ¥×‘åŸæ¥’ (jÅ«rai) means ‘conventional’ or ‘traditional.’ It is used to refer to something that has been done or believed for a long time.
Grammar:
– åŸ (jÅ«): to follow, obey
– æ¥ (rai): to come
Usage: It often indicates a contrast between established practices and newer ideas.
Example:
åŸæ¥ã®ããæ¹ã§ã¯æéãããããããã
The conventional method takes too much time.
Note: This word is used to discuss what was considered normal before newer ideas.ã®èãæ¹ãééã£ãŠãã蚌æ ×‘èšŒæ ’ (shÅko) means ‘evidence’ or ‘proof,’ referring to information or facts that support a claim.
Grammar:
– 蚌 (shÅ): proof, evidence
– æ (ko): base, foundation
Usage: Commonly used in academic, legal, and scientific contexts.
Example:
圌ã®ã¢ãªãã€ã¯èšŒæ ãäžååã§ãã
His alibi is not sufficiently evidenced.
Note: The word implies that something can be proved by these facts.ïŒ
- åã©ããã¡ã¯äžåºŠãèããããšã®ãªãæãèªç¶ã«äœãåºãã
- åŠç¿è
ã®ãšã©ãŒãã¿ãŒã³ã¯åãªãç¿æ
£åœ¢æ×‘ç¿æ
£åœ¢æ’ (shÅ«kan keisei) means ‘habit formation,’ the process of developing habits through repeated actions.
Grammar:
– ç¿æ £ (shÅ«kan): habit
– 圢æ (keisei): formation
Usage: Often used in psychology, education, and self-help contexts.
Example:
æ°ããç¿æ £åœ¢æã«ã¯æéãããããŸãã
It takes time to form a new habit.
Note: This term emphasizes the idea of repeating actions to create habits.ã§ã¯èª¬æã§ããªã - 幌ãåã©ãã§ããæãã£ãŠããªãè€éãªææ³èŠå×‘ææ³èŠå’ (bunpÅ kisoku) means ‘grammar rules,’ referring to the established guidelines for structuring language.
Grammar:
– ææ³ (bunpÅ): grammar
– èŠå (kisoku): rule, regulation
Usage: Used in the context of language education and linguistics.
Example:
ææ³èŠåã¯èšèªã®åºç€ã§ãã
Grammar rules are the foundation of language.
Note: This is a key concept for the study of language.ãçè§£ã§ãã - ãã§ã ã¹ããŒã®ç ç©¶ã«ããã人éã¯ç¿æ
£åãããŠããªãæ°ããæãå³åº§×‘å³åº§’ (sokuza) means ‘immediately’ or ‘instantly,’ indicating something happening without delay.
Grammar:
– å³ (soku): instant
– 座 (za): seat, place
Usage: Commonly used to describe something happening quickly without preparation.
Example:
圌ã¯å³åº§ã«çããŸããã
He answered immediately.
Note: The word emphasizes the speed at which an action occurs.ã«çè§£ã»äœæã§ããããšã蚌æãããŠããב蚌æãããŠãã’ (shÅmei sarete iru) means ‘has been proven’ or ‘is proven.’ It indicates that something has been confirmed or demonstrated through evidence or research.
Grammar:
– 蚌æ (shÅmei): proof, verification
– ããã (sareru): passive form of ãã (to do)
– ãŠãã (te iru): present progressive/resultant state
Usage: Often used in academic, scientific, or legal contexts.
Example:
ãã®çè«ã¯å®éšã«ãã£ãŠèšŒæãããŠããã
This theory has been proven by experiment.
Note: The passive voice indicates that an external source did the proving.
2. ãåŠç¿ã¯åºæ¿-åå¿ãã¿ãŒã³×‘åºæ¿-åå¿ãã¿ãŒã³’ (shigeki-hannÅ patÄn) means ‘stimulus-response pattern,’ which refers to the basic behavioral model of learning through association between stimuli and responses.
Grammar:
– åºæ¿ (shigeki): stimulus
– åå¿ (hannÅ): response
– ãã¿ãŒã³ (patÄn): pattern
Usage: Often used in psychology and behaviorist theories.
Example:
ãã®å®éšã§ã¯ãåºæ¿-åå¿ãã¿ãŒã³ãç ç©¶ããŸãã
This experiment studies stimulus-response patterns.
Note: This term is essential for understanding the behaviorist approach.ã§èµ·ããããšããèãæ¹
ãã®èãæ¹ã®èª€ãïŒ
- ãã¿ãŒã³ãã©ã¯ãã£ã¹ã§åªç§ãª×‘åªç§ãª’ (yÅ«shÅ« na) means ‘excellent’ or ‘outstanding,’ describing someone with high ability.
Grammar:
– åª (yÅ«): excellence
– ç§ (shÅ«): outstanding
Usage: Used to describe high quality or performance in various contexts.
Example:
圌女ã¯åªç§ãªåŠçã§ãã
She is an excellent student.
Note: This term implies high level of skill or achievement.çåŸã§ãå®éã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯èŠæŠãã×‘èŠæŠãã’ (kusen suru) means ‘to struggle’ or ‘have a hard time,’ indicating difficulty in doing something.
Grammar:
– èŠ (ku): suffering, hardship
– æŠ (sen): battle, struggle
Usage: Used when someone is having a hard time with a task or situation.
Example:
åœŒã¯æ°ããä»äºã§èŠæŠããŠããã
He is struggling with his new job.
Note: It implies a challenge or struggle being faced. - è³ç»åç 究בè³ç»åç ç©¶’ (nÅgazÅ kenkyÅ«) means ‘brain imaging research,’ which involves using technology to study the structure and function of the brain.
Grammar:
– è³ (nÅ): brain
– ç»å (gazÅ): image
– ç ç©¶ (kenkyÅ«): research
Usage: Typically used in scientific and medical contexts.
Example:
è³ç»åç ç©¶ã¯ãè³ã®åããè§£æããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã
Brain imaging research helps to clarify the function of the brain.
Note: This term focuses on the tools used to research brain structure and functions.ã«ãããèšèªåŠçבèšèªåŠç’ (gengo shori) means ‘language processing,’ referring to how the brain understands and produces language.
Grammar:
– èšèª (gengo): language
– åŠç (shori): processing
Usage: Commonly used in linguistics, psychology, and computer science.
Example:
èšèªåŠçèœåã¯ã人ã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªããŸãã
Language processing abilities vary from person to person.
Note: This term focuses on the brainâs activities with language.ã¯åçŽãªåºæ¿-åå¿×‘åçŽãªåºæ¿-åå¿’ (tanjun na shigeki-hannÅ) means ‘simple stimulus-response,’ describing a direct and uncomplicated association between a stimulus and a response.
Grammar:
– åçŽãª (tanjun na): simple
– åºæ¿ (shigeki): stimulus
– åå¿ (hannÅ): response
Usage: Used to describe the behaviorist learning theory.
Example:
ãã®åç©å®éšã§ã¯ãåçŽãªåºæ¿-åå¿ã芳å¯ããã
This animal experiment observes simple stimulus-response.
Note: This phrase implies lack of complexity and is often contrasted to more complex patterns.ã§ã¯ãªããè€éãªç¥çµãããã¯ãŒã¯ã䜿çšããããšã倿ב倿’ (hanmei) means ‘to be discovered’ or ‘to be found out,’ indicating that something has become known or clear.
Grammar:
– å€ (han): judge, discern
– æ (mei): clear, bright
Usage: Often used to describe the results of investigations or research.
Example:
調æ»ã®çµæãåå ã倿ããã
As a result of the investigation, the cause was found out.
Note: This word is often used in formal contexts to declare a finding. - åŠç¿è
ã¯ç·Žç¿ããããšã®ãªãç¶æ³×‘ç·Žç¿ããããšã®ãªãç¶æ³’ (renshÅ« shita koto no nai jÅkyÅ) means ‘situations that have not been practiced,’ referring to circumstances or scenarios that a learner has not encountered before in their learning process.
Grammar:
– ç·Žç¿ãã (renshÅ« shita): past tense of ‘to practice’
– ããšã®ãªã (koto no nai): ‘not having the experience of’
– ç¶æ³ (jÅkyÅ): situation
Usage: Commonly used in language learning and training contexts.
Example:
åŠç¿è ã¯ç·Žç¿ããããšã®ãªãç¶æ³ã§ãå¿çšã§ããèœåãæ±ããããã
Learners are required to have the ability to apply their skills even in situations they haven’t practiced.
Note: This term highlights that learners often face unpredictable or novel circumstances.ã§ãèšèªãçè§£ã»äœ¿çšã§ãã - ç¡éã«ããæç« ãã¿ãŒã³×‘ç¡éã«ããæç« ãã¿ãŒã³’ (mugen ni aru bunshÅ patÄn) means ‘infinite sentence patterns,’ referring to the idea that there is an endless number of possible sentence structures.
Grammar:
– ç¡é (mugen): infinite
– ã«ãã (ni aru): there are
– æç« (bunshÅ): sentence
– ãã¿ãŒã³ (patÄn): pattern
Usage: Often used in linguistics and language learning contexts.
Example:
èšèªã«ã¯ç¡éã«ããæç« ãã¿ãŒã³ãååšããã
In languages, there exist infinite sentence patterns.
Note: This phrase focuses on the enormous creativity that language provides.ã¯åºæ¿-åå¿çè«×‘åºæ¿-åå¿çè«’ (shigeki-hannÅ riron) means ‘stimulus-response theory,’ which explains learning as a result of associations between stimuli and responses.
Grammar:
– åºæ¿ (shigeki): stimulus
– åå¿ (hannÅ): response
– çè« (riron): theory
Usage: Used in psychology, especially in behavioral learning theories.
Example:
åºæ¿-åå¿çè«ã¯ãè¡å䞻矩å¿çåŠã®åºç€ã§ãã
Stimulus-response theory is the basis of behavioral psychology.
Note: This phrase is a key concept for discussing traditional learning approaches.ã§ã¯èª¬æããããšãã§ããªã
3. ããšã©ãŒã¯æªç¿æ
£×‘æªç¿æ
£’ (akushÅ«kan) means ‘bad habit,’ referring to undesirable patterns of behavior that are repeated.
Grammar:
– æª (aku): bad
– ç¿æ
£ (shÅ«kan): habit
Usage: Often used in discussions of health, behavior, and learning.
Example:
å«ç
ã¯äœã«æªãæªç¿æ
£ã§ãã
Smoking is a bad habit that is harmful to the body.
Note: This term emphasizes the negative nature of habits.ãé²ãããå³åº§×‘å³åº§’ (sokuza) means ‘immediately’ or ‘instantly,’ indicating that something happens without delay.
Grammar:
– å³ (soku): instant
– 座 (za): seat, place
Usage: This term emphasizes speed of action.
Example:
圌ã¯å³åº§ã«æ±ºæããã
He made the decision immediately.
Note: This is different from ‘soon’, which implies a near future.ã«èšæ£ãã¹ã×‘èšæ£ãã¹ã’ (teisei subeki) means ‘should be corrected,’ indicating an obligation or necessity to make something right.
Grammar:
– èšæ£ (teisei): correction
– ãã¹ã (subeki): should
Usage: Often used in formal or educational contexts.
Example:
誀åã¯èšæ£ãã¹ãã§ãã
Misspellings should be corrected.
Note: This phrase implies something is in error and requires fixing.ããšããèãæ¹
ãã®èãæ¹ã誀ãב誀㒠(ayamari) means ‘mistake’ or ‘error,’ referring to something that is incorrect or wrong.
Grammar:
– 誀 (ayama): wrong, mistake
– ã (ri): noun suffix
Usage: Used in various contexts from everyday to formal settings.
Example:
ããã¯èšç®ã®èª€ãã§ãã
This is an error in the calculation.
Note: It directly states that something is incorrect.ã§ãã蚌æ ×‘èšŒæ ’ (shÅko) means ‘evidence’ or ‘proof,’ referring to factual information that supports a claim.
Grammar:
– 蚌 (shÅ): evidence, proof
– æ (ko): basis, foundation
Usage: Commonly used in legal, academic, and research contexts.
Example:
圌ã®èšŒæ ã¯ååã§ã¯ãããŸããã
His evidence is not sufficient.
Note: This word indicates a strong supporting fact.ïŒ
- ç ç©¶ã«ãããé床ã®èšæ£×‘é床ã®è𿣒 (kado no teisei) means ‘excessive correction,’ referring to too much correction of errors, often in learning contexts.
Grammar:
– é床 (kado): excessive
– ã® (no): possessive particle
– èšæ£ (teisei): correction
Usage: Used in educational or training scenarios.
Example:
é床ã®èšæ£ã¯ãåŠç¿è ã®ã¢ãããŒã·ã§ã³ãäœäžãããããšããããŸãã
Excessive correction can reduce learners’ motivation.
Note: This phrase emphasizes that there is an issue with the degree of the correction.ã¯äžå®ãé«ããã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ææ¬²ãäœäžãããבäœäžããã’ (teika saseru) means ‘to lower’ or ‘to reduce,’ implying a decrease in something, in this case, motivation.
Grammar:
– äœäž (teika): lowering, decline
– ããã (saseru): causative form of ãã (to do)
Usage: Frequently used in contexts like economy, health, or motivation.
Example:
é床ã®ã¹ãã¬ã¹ã¯ãçç£æ§ãäœäžãããã
Excessive stress lowers productivity.
Note: This term emphasizes the act of making something decline.ããšã倿 - TruscottïŒ1996ïŒã®ç ç©¶ã§ã¯ããšã©ãŒèšæ£ã¯èšèªç¿åŸã«ã»ãšãã©åœ±é¿ãäžããªãב圱é¿ãäžããªã’ (eikyÅ o ataenai) means ‘does not have an influence’ or ‘does not affect,’ indicating no significant impact.
Grammar:
– åœ±é¿ (eikyÅ): influence, effect
– ã (o): object particle
– äžããªã (ataenai): negative form of ‘to give’
Usage: Often used in academic or scientific contexts to describe the results of studies.
Example:
ãã®è¬ã¯çç¶ã«åœ±é¿ãäžããªãã
This medicine does not affect the symptoms.
Note: This phrase is used to claim something makes little to no difference.ããšã瀺ããŠããב瀺ããŠãã’ (shimeshite iru) means ‘is showing’ or ‘indicates,’ referring to evidence or findings that suggest something is the case.
Grammar:
– 瀺ã (shimesu): to show
– ãŠãã (te iru): present continuous/state
Usage: Often used in academic and research contexts to state results or findings.
Example:
ãã®ç ç©¶ã¯ãæ°ããæ²»çæ³ãæå¹ã§ããããšã瀺ããŠããã
This research shows that the new treatment is effective.
Note: It points out that research has found evidence of a particular result. - æ¯èªãåŠã¶åã©ãã¯å€ãã®ãšã©ãŒãç¯ãבãšã©ãŒãç¯ã’ (erÄ o okasu) means ‘to make errors’ or ‘to commit mistakes,’ which refers to the act of doing something incorrectly.
Grammar:
– ãšã©ãŒ (erÄ): error
– ã (o): object particle
– ç¯ã (okasu): to commit, to make
Usage: This phrase is used to describe mistakes made in language, work or other situations.
Example:
圌ã¯å€ãã®ãšã©ãŒãç¯ããã
He made many errors.
Note: The word choice emphasizes the act of committing a mistake rather than just experiencing it.ããèªç¶ã«ä¿®æ£ããŠãã - ãæ²é»æ×‘æ²é»æ’ (chinmokuki) means ‘silent period,’ referring to the stage in language acquisition where learners listen more than they speak.
Grammar:
– æ²é» (chinmoku): silence
– æ (ki): period, phase
Usage: Typically used in the context of language learning.
Example:
èšèªåŠç¿ã«ã¯æ²é»æãããã®ãæ®éã§ãã
It is normal to have a silent period in language learning.
Note: This term highlights that there is a phase where a learner isn’t very verbally active.ãã®åŠç¿è ããçºè©±×‘çºè©±’ (hatsuwa) means ‘utterance’ or ‘speech,’ referring to the act of speaking.
Grammar:
– çº (hatsu): to utter, to emit
– 話 (wa): speech, talk
Usage: Often used in the context of linguistics and language learning.
Example:
åäŸã®çºè©±ã¯ãåŠç¿éçšã瀺ãã
Children’s utterances show their learning process.
Note: This term refers to the act of producing language vocally.ããªããŠãèšèªãç¿åŸããŠãã - ãšã©ãŒèšæ£×‘ãšã©ãŒè𿣒 (erÄ teisei) means ‘error correction,’ referring to the act of identifying and correcting mistakes.
Grammar:
– ãšã©ãŒ (erÄ): error
– èšæ£ (teisei): correction
Usage: Often used in educational and language learning contexts.
Example:
ãšã©ãŒèšæ£ã¯ãåŠç¿ããã»ã¹ã®äžéšã§ãã
Error correction is part of the learning process.
Note: It focuses specifically on fixing errors.ã¯é·æçãªæ¹åב鷿çãªæ¹å’ (chÅkitekina kaizen) means ‘long-term improvement,’ referring to a positive change that occurs over an extended period.
Grammar:
– é·æç (chÅkitekina): long-term
– 㪠(na): adjectival form
– æ¹å (kaizen): improvement
Usage: Used to describe results that extend far into the future.
Example:
é·æçãªæ¹åã¯ãæ¥ã ã®åªåããçãŸããŸãã
Long-term improvement comes from daily efforts.
Note: This term suggests change that is expected to continue into the distant future.ã«ã€ãªãããªãããšãå€ã
4. ãå埩緎ç¿×‘å埩緎習 (hanpuku renshÅ«) means ‘repetition practice,’ which is the act of practicing something multiple times.
Grammar:
– å埩 (hanpuku): repetition
– ç·Žç¿ (renshÅ«): practice
Usage: Often used in learning, training, and sports contexts.
Example:
å埩緎ç¿ã¯ãæè¡ãåäžãããããã«äžå¯æ¬ ã§ãã
Repetition practice is essential to improve skills.
Note: This term focuses on the act of doing something again and again.ãéèŠããšããèãæ¹
ãã®èãæ¹ã®åé¡ç¹ïŒ
- ããªã«åŠç¿ã§æçžŸåªç§ãªåŠçבæçžŸåªç§ãªåŠç’ (seiseki yÅ«shÅ« na gakusei) means ‘students with excellent grades’ or ‘high-achieving students,’ referring to students who perform very well academically.
Grammar:
– æçžŸ (seiseki): grades, academic results
– åªç§ãª (yÅ«shÅ« na): excellent, outstanding
– åŠç (gakusei): student
Usage: Typically used in academic and educational settings.
Example:
åœŒå¥³ã¯æçžŸåªç§ãªåŠçãšããŠç¥ãããŠããŸãã
She is known as a high-achieving student.
Note: The term is used to describe students who perform very well in their studies.ãå®éã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§èºãבèºã’ (tsumazuku) means ‘to stumble’ or ‘to falter,’ often used metaphorically to describe difficulty in a situation.
Grammar:
– èº (tsumazu): to stumble
– ã (ku): verb ending
Usage: Used when a person faces a setback or makes a mistake, particularly in a task or conversation.
Example:
ãã¬ãŒã³ããŒã·ã§ã³äžã«èšèã«èºããã
I stumbled on my words during the presentation.
Note: The word is often used to show difficulties that arise unexpectedly.ããšãå€ã - é·æç ç©¶×‘é·æç ç©¶’ (chÅki kenkyÅ«) means ‘long-term research,’ which is a study conducted over an extended period.
Grammar:
– é·æ (chÅki): long-term
– ç ç©¶ (kenkyÅ«): research
Usage: Often used in academic, scientific, and medical research.
Example:
ãã®é·æç ç©¶ã¯ãå¥åº·ãžã®åœ±é¿ã調æ»ããŸãã
This long-term research investigates the impact on health.
Note: The term highlights that the research was done over a long time.ã«ãããããªã«äžå¿ã®åŠç¿è ã¯èªç¶ãªã€ã³ããããåããåŠç¿è ããç¿ç床בç¿ç床’ (shÅ«jukudo) means ‘proficiency level,’ referring to the degree of skill in a particular area, often in language.
Grammar:
– ç¿ç (shÅ«juku): proficiency
– 床 (do): degree, level
Usage: Used in academic and language learning contexts.
Example:
åœŒå¥³ã®æ¥æ¬èªã®ç¿ç床ã¯éåžžã«é«ãã§ãã
Her Japanese proficiency level is very high.
Note: This is a specific level of skill or knowledge someone possesses.ãäœãããšã倿ב倿’ (hanmei) means ‘to be discovered’ or ‘to be found out,’ indicating that something has become known or clear.
Grammar:
– å€ (han): judge, discern
– æ (mei): clear, bright
Usage: Used to state results or discoveries, often in formal contexts.
Example:
調æ»ã®çµæãåå ã倿ããŸããã
As a result of the investigation, the cause was discovered.
Note: It is often used in academic, scientific, or legal contexts. - è³ç§åŠç 究בè³ç§åŠç ç©¶’ (nÅkagaku kenkyÅ«) means ‘brain science research,’ referring to scientific investigations into the brain and nervous system.
Grammar:
– è³ (nÅ): brain
– ç§åŠ (kagaku): science
– ç ç©¶ (kenkyÅ«): research
Usage: Used in medical and scientific contexts.
Example:
è³ç§åŠç ç©¶ã¯ãè³ã®æ©èœãè§£æããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã€ã
Brain science research helps to elucidate the function of the brain.
Note: This focuses on studies relating to the brain and its functions.ã«ãããèšæ¶åœ¢æ×‘èšæ¶åœ¢æ’ (kioku keisei) means ‘memory formation,’ referring to the process of creating and storing memories in the brain.
Grammar:
– èšæ¶ (kioku): memory
– 圢æ (keisei): formation
Usage: Often used in psychology and neuroscience.
Example:
ç¡ç ã¯èšæ¶åœ¢æã«éèŠã§ãã
Sleep is important for memory formation.
Note: This term refers to the process by which our brains create and store new memories.ã«ã¯æå³ã®ããæèãéèŠã ãšå€æ - ããªã«ã§åŠãã ã¹ãã«ã¯å®éã®å Žé¢ã§×‘å®éã®å Žé¢ã§’ (jissai no bamen de) means ‘in real situations’ or ‘in actual settings,’ referring to practical contexts as opposed to simulated or practice settings.
Grammar:
– å®é (jissai): actual, real
– ã® (no): possessive particle
– å Žé¢ (bamen): situation, scene
– ã§ (de): in, at
Usage: Often used when discussing the practical application of skills or knowledge.
Example:
ãã®æè¡ã¯å®éã®å Žé¢ã§ã¯åœ¹ã«ç«ã¡ãŸãã
This technology is useful in real situations.
Note: The term emphasizes the difference between theory and practice.å¿çšã§ããªãããšãå€ã
5. ãèšèªã¯æ¡ä»¶ä»ãã§ããç¿æ
£×‘æ¡ä»¶ä»ãã§ããç¿æ
£’ (jÅkenzuke dekiru shÅ«kan) means ‘habits that can be conditioned,’ referring to behaviors that can be developed through repeated association with specific stimuli.
Grammar:
– æ¡ä»¶ä»ã (jÅkenzuke): conditioning
– ã§ãã (dekiru): can do
– ç¿æ
£ (shÅ«kan): habit
Usage: Often used in psychology and behavioral science contexts.
Example:
åç©ã¯æ¡ä»¶ä»ãã§ããç¿æ
£ã身ã«ã€ããŸãã
Animals develop habits that can be conditioned.
Note: The word emphasizes that the habit is formed through conditioning.ã®éåäœ×‘éå䜒 (shÅ«gÅtai) means ‘collection’ or ‘aggregate,’ referring to a group of things that are gathered together.
Grammar:
– éå (shÅ«gÅ): collection, gathering
– äœ (tai): body, group
Usage: Used to describe a group or set of items, often in an abstract way.
Example:
ãã®ããŒã¿ã¯æ
å ±ã®éåäœã§ãã
This data is an aggregate of information.
Note: The term suggests that multiple items or ideas form a single entity.ããšããèãæ¹
ãã®èãæ¹ã誀ãã§ãã蚌æ ïŒ
- 人éã¯åããŠééããבééãã’ (sÅgÅ« suru) means ‘to encounter’ or ‘to come across,’ indicating that something is met for the first time.
Grammar:
– éé (sÅgÅ«): encounter
– ãã (suru): to do
Usage: Used when meeting something new or unexpected.
Example:
森ã®äžã§ãçããåç©ã«ééããã
In the forest, I encountered a rare animal.
Note: This term suggests something novel or previously unknown.æãçè§£ã»äœæã§ãã - èšèªç¿åŸ×‘èšèªç¿åŸ’ (gengo shÅ«toku) means ‘language acquisition,’ which refers to the process of learning a language naturally.
Grammar:
– èšèª (gengo): language
– ç¿åŸ (shÅ«toku): acquisition, learning
Usage: Commonly used in the context of linguistics, education, and psychology.
Example:
åäŸã¯èªç¶ã«èšèªç¿åŸãããŸãã
Children naturally acquire language.
Note: This term refers to the natural process of learning a language rather than formal study.ã¯æ¡ä»¶ä»ãבæ¡ä»¶ä»ã’ (jÅkenzuke) means ‘conditioning,’ which is a process of learning through association.
Grammar:
– æ¡ä»¶ (jÅken): condition
– ä»ãã (tsukeru): to attach, to add
Usage: Often used in psychology and behaviorism to describe how behavior is learned.
Example:
ããããã®ç¬ã¯ãæ¡ä»¶ä»ãã«ãã£ãŠåŸæ¶²ãåæ³ããã
Pavlovâs dog salivated due to conditioning.
Note: The term refers to a process where a certain action or behavior is linked to a specific stimulus.ã«é¢ä¿ãªããäºæž¬å¯èœãªæ®µéãçµã×‘äºæž¬å¯èœãªæ®µéãçµã’ (yosoku kanÅ na dankai o heru) means ‘goes through predictable stages,’ indicating that a process follows a set and foreseeable pattern.
Grammar:
– äºæž¬å¯èœãª (yosoku kanÅ na): predictable
– 段é (dankai): stage
– ãçµã (o heru): to go through
Usage: This phrase is often used to describe processes that happen naturally and in a sequence.
Example:
èšèªç¿åŸã¯äºæž¬å¯èœãªæ®µéãçµããšèšãããŠããŸãã
It is said that language acquisition goes through predictable stages.
Note: This term suggests natural stages that follow a pattern. - 幌ãåã©ãã§ãåµé çãª×‘åµé ç㪒 (sÅzÅteki na) means ‘creative,’ indicating the ability to produce original and innovative ideas or things.
Grammar:
– åµé (sÅzÅ): creation
– ç (teki): adjective-forming suffix
Usage: Often used to describe artistic, intellectual, or imaginative abilities.
Example:
圌女ã¯åµé çãªã¢ã€ãã¢ãæã£ãŠããŸãã
She has creative ideas.
Note: This word suggests unique and innovative thought or action.èšèªäœ¿çšãèŠããã - 第äºèšèªåŠç¿è
ב第äºèšèªåŠç¿è
’ (dainigengo gakushÅ«sha) means ‘second language learner,’ referring to someone who is learning a language other than their first language.
Grammar:
– 第äºèšèª (dainigengo): second language
– åŠç¿è (gakushÅ«sha): learner
Usage: Common in educational and linguistic contexts.
Example:
第äºèšèªåŠç¿è ã¯å€ãã®èª²é¡ã«çŽé¢ããŸãã
Second language learners face many challenges.
Note: This term is specific to learning another language after one’s native language.ã¯ãæææ³×‘æææ³’ (kyÅjuhÅ) means ‘teaching method,’ referring to the specific techniques and strategies used in education.
Grammar:
– ææ (kyÅju): teaching, instruction
– æ³ (hÅ): method
Usage: Often used in educational and academic settings.
Example:
æææ³ã¯ãåŠç¿å¹æã«å€§ãã圱é¿ããŸãã
Teaching methods have a significant impact on learning effectiveness.
Note: This term specifies the specific approach used in education.ãç°ãªã£ãŠã䌌ãç¿åŸãã¿ãŒã³ã瀺ã
6. ãåŠç¿ã¯æš¡å£×‘暡壒 (mohÅ) means ‘imitation,’ which is the act of copying or mimicking someone or something.
Grammar:
– æš¡ (mo): imitation
– å£ (hÅ): to follow, to imitate
Usage: Used in various contexts from learning to behavior.
Example:
åã©ãã¯èŠªã®è¡åãæš¡å£ããã
Children imitate their parents’ actions.
Note: The word is used to describe a process of copying or mimicking.ãšåŒ·åã§èµ·ããããšããèãæ¹
ãã®èãæ¹ã®èª€ãïŒ
- åã©ãã¯èããããšã®ãªãææ³åœ¢åŒ×‘ææ³åœ¢åŒ’ (bunpÅ keishiki) means ‘grammatical form,’ referring to specific structures and patterns within a language.
Grammar:
– ææ³ (bunpÅ): grammar
– åœ¢åŒ (keishiki): form
Usage: Commonly used in linguistics and language education.
Example:
ãã®æç« ã§ã¯ãæ°ããææ³åœ¢åŒã䜿ãããŠããã
A new grammatical form is used in this sentence.
Note: This word refers to the structure or pattern in which grammar is used.ãçæã§ãã - åŠç¿è
ã®ãšã©ãŒãã¿ãŒã³ã¯æš¡å£×‘暡壒 (mohÅ) means ‘imitation,’ referring to the act of copying or mimicking someone or something.
Grammar:
– æš¡ (mo): imitation
– å£ (hÅ): to follow, to imitate
Usage: Used in discussions on learning and behavior.
Example:
圌ã¯å çã®çºé³ãæš¡å£ããããšããã
He tried to imitate the teacherâs pronunciation.
Note: This term specifically focuses on the act of copying.ã§ã¯èª¬æã§ããªã - ç ç©¶ã«ãããçè§£å¯èœãªã€ã³ãããבçè§£å¯èœãªã€ã³ããã’ (rikai kanÅ na inputto) means ‘comprehensible input,’ referring to language input that learners can understand, which is slightly above their current level.
Grammar:
– çè§£å¯èœãª (rikai kanÅ na): comprehensible
– ã€ã³ããã (inputto): input
Usage: Common in language learning and acquisition theories.
Example:
çè§£å¯èœãªã€ã³ãããã¯ãèšèªåŠç¿ã«äžå¯æ¬ ã§ãã
Comprehensible input is essential for language learning.
Note: This is a key term in second language acquisition theory.ãžã®åãªãæ¥è§Š×‘æ¥è§Š’ (sesshoku) means ‘exposure’ or ‘contact,’ referring to the act of being in the presence of or coming into contact with something.
Grammar:
– æ¥ (setsu): contact, touch
– è§Š (shoku): to touch, to come in contact with
Usage: Used in various contexts such as language learning, disease transmission, and social interaction.
Example:
倿§ãªæåãžã®æ¥è§Šã¯ãèŠéãåºããã
Exposure to diverse cultures broadens oneâs horizons.
Note: It suggests being in the presence of or directly exposed to something.ã§ãç¿åŸãé²ãבç¿åŸãé²ã’ (shÅ«toku ga susumu) means ‘acquisition progresses,’ indicating that learning is advancing or getting better.
Grammar:
– ç¿åŸ (shÅ«toku): acquisition
– ã (ga): subject marker
– é²ã (susumu): to progress, to advance
Usage: Often used in discussions about learning and skill development.
Example:
èªåœåã®ç¿åŸãé²ãã«ã€ããŠãèªè§£åãåäžããã
As vocabulary acquisition progresses, reading comprehension also improves.
Note: This term describes a stage in the process of gaining new skills or knowledge.ããšã倿 - 匷åã«é¢ä¿ãªãב匷åã«é¢ä¿ãªã’ (kyÅka ni kankei naku) means ‘regardless of reinforcement,’ indicating that something happens without any type of encouragement or reward.
Grammar:
– 匷å (kyÅka): reinforcement
– ã« (ni): marker for direction or relationship
– é¢ä¿ãªã (kankei naku): regardless of
Usage: Used in discussions about learning or behaviour that show an independence from reinforcement.
Example:
圌ã¯åŒ·åã«é¢ä¿ãªããå匷ãç¶ããã
He continued studying regardless of reinforcement.
Note: This term emphasizes that the thing described happens naturally and isn’t dependent on the giving of positive feedback.ãèªç¶ãªç¿åŸé åº×‘èªç¶ãªç¿åŸé 庒 (shizen na shÅ«toku junjo) means ‘natural acquisition order,’ referring to the sequence in which learners typically acquire specific aspects of a language.
Grammar:
– èªç¶ãª (shizen na): natural
– ç¿åŸ (shÅ«toku): acquisition
– é åº (junjo): order, sequence
Usage: Common in the field of linguistics and language acquisition theories.
Example:
èšèªç¿åŸã«ã¯ãèªç¶ãªç¿åŸé åºãååšããã
There is a natural order of acquisition in language learning.
Note: This phrase suggests a fixed pattern in which language is naturally learned.ãååšãã
7. ãæ¯èª×‘æ¯èª’ (bogo) means ‘native language’ or ‘mother tongue,’ referring to the first language a person learns.
Grammar:
– æ¯ (bo): mother
– èª (go): language
Usage: Commonly used in linguistics, education, and discussions about language acquisition.
Example:
ç§ã®æ¯èªã¯æ¥æ¬èªã§ãã
My native language is Japanese.
Note: This term is fundamental in discussions about bilingualism and language learning.ã¯ç¬¬äºèšèªåŠç¿ã®åŠšãב劚㒠(sametage) means ‘hindrance’ or ‘obstacle,’ referring to something that prevents or slows down progress.
Grammar:
– 劚 (samata): to disturb, to prevent
– ã (ge): noun suffix
Usage: Often used in discussions about challenges and difficulties.
Example:
éšé³ãå匷ã®åŠšãã«ãªãã
Noise is a hindrance to studying.
Note: This word implies something is being blocked or made more difficult.ã«ãªãããšããèãæ¹
ãã®èãæ¹ã誀ãã§ãã蚌æ ב誀ãã§ããèšŒæ ’ (ayamari de aru shÅko) means ‘evidence that it is a mistake’ or ‘proof that it is wrong.’
Grammar:
– 誀ã (ayamari): mistake, error
– ã§ãã (de aru): to be (formal)
– 蚌æ (shÅko): evidence, proof
Usage: Used in formal contexts to present evidence against a claim.
Example:
ãã®ããŒã¿ã¯ã圌ã®çè«ã誀ãã§ãã蚌æ ã§ãã
This data is evidence that his theory is wrong.
Note: This phrase is a clear and formal way to state that something is proven incorrect.ïŒ
- ç ç©¶ã«ãããæ¯èªã第äºèšèªç¿åŸãæ¯æŽãã×‘æ¯æŽãã’ (shien suru) means ‘to support’ or ‘to assist,’ indicating providing help or resources to someone.
Grammar:
– æ¯æŽ (shien): support, assistance
– ãã (suru): to do
Usage: Often used in contexts of education, social work, and technology.
Example:
æ¿åºã¯æ°ããäºæ¥ãæ¯æŽããæ¹éã§ãã
The government’s policy is to support new businesses.
Note: This term suggests providing help to enable success or progress.ããšã倿 - æ®éææ³×‘æ®éææ³’ (fuhen bunpÅ) means ‘universal grammar,’ referring to the theory that all languages share a common underlying structure.
Grammar:
– æ®é (fuhen): universal
– ææ³ (bunpÅ): grammar
Usage: Primarily used in linguistics and language acquisition theory.
Example:
æ®éææ³ã¯ãèšèªåŠã®éèŠãªæŠå¿µã§ãã
Universal grammar is an important concept in linguistics.
Note: This is a key term in the study of theoretical linguistics.ã®ç ç©¶ã«ãããèšèªèœåã«å ±éã®åºç€×‘å ±éã®åºç€’ (kyÅtsÅ« no kiban) means ‘common basis’ or ‘shared foundation,’ indicating a fundamental similarity or shared groundwork.
Grammar:
– å ±éã® (kyÅtsÅ« no): common, shared
– åºç€ (kiban): foundation, basis
Usage: Often used in discussions about underlying structures or shared principles.
Example:
ãã®çè«ã¯ããã¹ãŠã®æåã«å ±éã®åºç€ããããšèããŠããã
This theory believes that there is a common basis in all cultures.
Note: It implies a fundamental connection or similarity between different things.ãããããšã瀺åãããŠããב瀺åãããŠãã’ (shisa sarete iru) means ‘is suggested’ or ‘is implied,’ indicating that something is hinted at but not explicitly stated.
Grammar:
– 瀺å (shisa): suggestion, implication
– ããã (sareru): passive form of ãã (to do)
– ãŠãã (te iru): present progressive/resultant state
Usage: Often used in academic writing and formal discussions to present indirect evidence or hints.
Example:
圌ã®çºèšã¯ãèŸä»»ã瀺åããŠãããšè§£éã§ããŸãã
His statement can be interpreted as suggesting his resignation.
Note: The passive voice indicates that the suggestion comes from an external source or evidence. - èšèªè»¢ç§»×‘èšèªè»¢ç§»’ (gengo ten’i) means ‘language transfer,’ which refers to the influence of a learner’s native language on their learning of a second language.
Grammar:
– èšèª (gengo): language
– 転移 (ten’i): transfer
Usage: Used in the field of second language acquisition.
Example:
èšèªè»¢ç§»ã¯ãçºé³ã«åœ±é¿ãäžããããšããããŸãã
Language transfer can affect pronunciation.
Note: This term describes the carry-over of linguistic features from one language to another.ã«ã¯ããžãã£ããªé¢×‘ããžãã£ããªé¢’ (pojitibu na men) means ‘positive aspects’ or ‘positive side,’ referring to the beneficial or advantageous parts of something.
Grammar:
– ããžãã£ã (pojitibu): positive
– 㪠(na): adjectival ending
– é¢ (men): aspect, side
Usage: Used to highlight the good or beneficial parts of a situation or concept.
Example:
æ°ããèšç»ã«ã¯ãå€ãã®ããžãã£ããªé¢ããããŸãã
The new plan has many positive aspects.
Note: This phrase focuses on the good or beneficial parts of something.ããã - ãã€ãªã³ã¬ã«ã®åã©ãã¯èªç¥èœåãåäžããבèªç¥èœåãåäžãã’ (ninchi nÅryoku ga kÅjÅ suru) means ‘cognitive abilities improve,’ indicating an enhancement in mental processes such as memory, attention, and problem-solving.
Grammar:
– èªç¥èœå (ninchi nÅryoku): cognitive ability
– ã (ga): subject marker
– åäžãã (kÅjÅ suru): to improve, to enhance
Usage: Often used in psychology and education contexts.
Example:
ç ç©¶ã«ãããšã鳿¥œåŠç¿ã¯åäŸã®èªç¥èœåãåäžãããšãããŠããŸãã
According to research, learning music improves children’s cognitive abilities.
Note: This phrase refers to the betterment of mental skills.
8. ãææ³ã®æç€ºçãªæå°×‘æç€ºçãªæå°’ (meijiteki na shidÅ) means ‘explicit instruction,’ referring to teaching methods that clearly explain rules and concepts.
Grammar:
– æç€ºç㪠(meijiteki na): explicit, clear
– æå° (shidÅ): guidance, instruction
Usage: Often used in educational contexts, particularly in language learning.
Example:
ææ³ã®æç€ºçãªæå°ã¯ãåŠç¿è
ã®çè§£ãå©ããã
Explicit instruction in grammar helps learners understand.
Note: This term refers to teaching in a direct and clear manner.ãšæèš×‘æèš’ (anki) means ‘memorization’ or ‘rote learning,’ referring to the process of committing information to memory.
Grammar:
– æ (an): dark, hidden
– èš (ki): to write down, to record
Usage: Often discussed in the context of education and learning techniques.
Example:
詊éšã®ããã«ã¯ãåèªã®æèšãå¿
èŠã§ãã
For the exam, memorization of vocabulary is necessary.
Note: This term specifically refers to learning through committing to memory.ãéèŠããšããèãæ¹
ãã®èãæ¹ã®åé¡ç¹ïŒ
- ã¯ã©ãã·ã§ã³ã®ç ç©¶ã«ãããæç€ºçç¥èבæç€ºçç¥è’ (meijiteki chishiki) means ‘explicit knowledge,’ referring to knowledge that a person is consciously aware of and can articulate.
Grammar:
– æç€ºç (meijiteki): explicit
– ç¥è (chishiki): knowledge
Usage: Often used in psychology and education.
Example:
ææ³ã®ã«ãŒã«ã¯æç€ºçç¥èã®äžäŸã§ãã
Grammar rules are an example of explicit knowledge.
Note: This term is used when referring to knowledge that one is consciously aware of.ã¯æç€ºçèœåבæç€ºçèœå’ (anji-teki nÅryoku) refers to ‘implicit ability,’ which is the skill to do something automatically without conscious thought.
Grammar:
– æç€ºç (anji-teki): implicit
– èœå (nÅryoku): ability
Usage: Often used in discussions of language learning and skill acquisition.
Example:
èšèªã®æµæ¢ãã¯ãæç€ºçèœåã«äŸåããéšåã倧ããã
Language fluency largely depends on implicit ability.
Note: This term describes skills that are performed without conscious effort.ã«å€æãããªãããšã倿 - ææ³éèŠ×‘ææ³é芒 (bunpÅ jÅ«shi) means ‘grammar-focused’ or ‘grammar-emphasis,’ referring to an approach that places significant importance on grammar in language learning.
Grammar:
– ææ³ (bunpÅ): grammar
– éèŠ (jÅ«shi): emphasis, importance
Usage: Often used in discussions about different language teaching methodologies.
Example:
ææ³éèŠã®æè²ã¯ãäŒè©±èœåã®è²æã«ã¯äžåãã§ãããšããæèŠãããã
Some argue that a grammar-focused education is not suitable for developing conversational skills.
Note: This term describes an approach where grammar is given primary importance.ã®ã¢ãããŒããšçè§£å¯èœãªã€ã³ãããéèŠã®ã¢ãããŒããæ¯èŒããç ç©¶ã§ã¯ãåŸè ã®æ¹ãבåŸè ã®æ¹ã’ (kÅsha no hÅ ga) means ‘the latter is more (effective),’ used to compare two options mentioned previously, indicating the second option is superior.
Grammar:
– åŸè (kÅsha): the latter
– ã®æ¹ (no hÅ): indicates comparison, meaning ‘the side of’ or ‘more towards’
Usage: Commonly used when comparing two items or ideas.
Example:
åè ãããåŸè ã®æ¹ã人æ°ãããã
The latter is more popular than the former.
Note: This phrase clearly points out the superior option between two.广ç - ææ³æå°ã«é¢ä¿ãªããèªç¶ãªç¿åŸé åº×‘èªç¶ãªç¿åŸé 庒 (shizen na shÅ«toku junjo) means ‘natural acquisition order,’ referring to the innate sequence in which learners acquire different aspects of a language.
Grammar:
– èªç¶ãª (shizen na): natural
– ç¿åŸ (shÅ«toku): acquisition
– é åº (junjo): order, sequence
Usage: Commonly used in discussions of language acquisition theories.
Example:
èšèªç¿åŸã«ã¯ãèªç¶ãªç¿åŸé åºããããšèšãããŠããŸãã
It is said that there is a natural order of acquisition in language learning.
Note: This term refers to the inherent progression in learning a language.ãååšãã - çåŸã¯èŠåבèŠå’ (kisoku) means ‘rules’ or ‘regulations,’ referring to established principles or instructions.
Grammar:
– èŠ (ki): standard, measure
– å (soku): rule, law
Usage: Often used in educational, legal, and organizational contexts.
Example:
åŠæ ¡ã«ã¯æ§ã ãªèŠåããããŸãã
There are various rules in school.
Note: This term is fundamental for understanding structure and order.ããç¥ã£ãŠãããŠãå®éã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§äœ¿ããªãããšãå€ã
9. ãèšèªç£åº×‘èšèªç£åº’ (gengo san’utsu) means ‘language production,’ referring to the act of producing language, either spoken or written.
Grammar:
– èšèª (gengo): language
– ç£åº (san’utsu): production
Usage: Commonly used in linguistics and language learning contexts.
Example:
èšèªç£åºã®ç·Žç¿ã¯ãäŒè©±èœåãé«ããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã
Practicing language production helps improve conversational skills.
Note: This term focuses on the active creation of language.ãéããŠåŠç¿ãé²ãããšããèãæ¹
ãã®èãæ¹ã誀ãã§ãã蚌æ ïŒ
- æ²é»æ×‘æ²é»æ’ (chinmokuki) means ‘silent period,’ referring to the stage in language learning where a learner listens and absorbs information but does not yet speak.
Grammar:
– æ²é» (chinmoku): silence
– æ (ki): period, phase
Usage: Common in discussions about language acquisition, especially in children.
Example:
å€ãã®åäŸã¯ã第äºèšèªåŠç¿ã®åæã«æ²é»æãçµéšããŸãã
Many children experience a silent period in the early stages of second language learning.
Note: This term describes a normal phase where learners are not yet verbally active.ã®ç ç©¶ã«ãããç£åºåבç£åºå’ (san’utsu mae) means ‘before production,’ referring to the stage before language output occurs.
Grammar:
– ç£åº (san’utsu): production
– å (mae): before
Usage: Often used in discussions about language acquisition and development.
Example:
ç£åºåã®æ®µéã§ã¯ãçè§£ã«éç¹ã眮ãããŸãã
In the pre-production stage, the focus is on comprehension.
Note: This term specifically refers to the period before someone starts producing language.ã§ãç¿åŸãé²ãבç¿åŸãé²ã’ (shÅ«toku ga susumu) means ‘acquisition progresses’ or ‘learning advances,’ indicating that learning is happening and improving.
Grammar:
– ç¿åŸ (shÅ«toku): acquisition, learning
– ã (ga): subject marker
– é²ã (susumu): to progress, to advance
Usage: Often used in the context of language learning or skill development.
Example:
æ°ããèšèªã®ç¿åŸãé²ãã«ã€ããŠãèªä¿¡ãã€ããŠããŸãã
As the acquisition of a new language progresses, confidence also grows.
Note: This phrase indicates positive development in learning.ããšã倿בã倿’ (ga hanmei) means ‘has been found out’ or ‘has become clear,’ indicating a discovery or realization.
Grammar:
– ã (ga): subject marker
– 倿 (hanmei): to be discovered, to become clear
Usage: Often used to report findings or results of research or investigation.
Example:
調æ»ã®çµæãåå ã倿ããŸããã
As a result of the investigation, the cause has been found out.
Note: This phrase is used to state a discovery or finding. - 第äžèšèª×‘第äžèšèª’ (daiichigengo) means ‘first language’ or ‘native language,’ the language a person learns from birth.
Grammar:
– ç¬¬äž (daiichi): first
– èšèª (gengo): language
Usage: Used in linguistics and education.
Example:
圌ã®ç¬¬äžèšèªã¯è±èªã§ãã
His first language is English.
Note: This term is foundational in discussions of multilingualism.ã§ã第äºèšèªã§ããçè§£ã¯ç£åºã«å è¡ããבç£åºã«å è¡ãã’ (san’utsu ni senkÅ suru) means ‘comprehension precedes production,’ indicating that understanding comes before the ability to produce language.
Grammar:
– ç£åº (san’utsu): production
– ã« (ni): indicates direction or comparison
– å è¡ãã (senkÅ suru): to precede, to come before
Usage: Commonly used in language acquisition theories.
Example:
èšèªåŠç¿ã«ãããŠãçè§£ã¯ç£åºã«å è¡ãããšèããããŠããŸãã
In language learning, it is thought that comprehension precedes production.
Note: This phrase describes the natural order of language learning. - æ©æã®ç£åºåŒ·å¶×‘æ©æã®ç£åºåŒ·å¶’ (sÅki no san’utsu kyÅsei) means ‘early forced production,’ referring to making learners produce language before they are ready.
Grammar:
– æ©æã® (sÅki no): early
– ç£åº (san’utsu): production
– åŒ·å¶ (kyÅsei): compulsion, forcing
Usage: Used in discussions about language teaching methodologies.
Example:
æ©æã®ç£åºåŒ·å¶ã¯ãåŠç¿è ã®äžå®ãé«ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
Early forced production can increase learners’ anxiety.
Note: This term refers to making students speak before they are comfortable or ready.ã¯äžå®ãé«ãבäžå®ãé«ã’ (fuan o takame) means ‘increases anxiety,’ referring to making someone more anxious or worried.
Grammar:
– äžå® (fuan): anxiety, unease
– ã (o): object particle
– é«ã (takame): to raise, to increase
Usage: Often used in discussions about mental health and stress.
Example:
詊éšåã®é床ã®ãã¬ãã·ã£ãŒã¯ãåŠçã®äžå®ãé«ããã
Excessive pressure before exams increases students’ anxiety.
Note: This phrase describes the act of making someone feel more anxious.ãç¿åŸãé ãããבç¿åŸãé ããã’ (shÅ«toku o okuraseru) means ‘delays acquisition’ or ‘slows down learning,’ indicating that the learning process is being hindered.
Grammar:
– ç¿åŸ (shÅ«toku): acquisition, learning
– ã (o): object particle
– é ããã (okuraseru): to delay, to slow down
Usage: Often used in educational or skill-development contexts.
Example:
äžé©åãªæå°ã¯ãåŠç¿è ã®ç¿åŸãé ãããå¯èœæ§ãããã
Inappropriate instruction can delay learners’ acquisition.
Note: This phrase suggests that the progress of learning is being slowed.å¯èœæ§ããã - ãªã¹ãã³ã°ã»ãªãŒãã£ã³ã°ã ãã§ãèšèªç¿åŸãé²ãããšãç ç©¶ã§ç€ºãããŠããבç ç©¶ã§ç€ºãããŠãã’ (kenkyÅ« de shimesarete iru) means ‘shown by research’ or ‘indicated in studies,’ referring to findings that have been demonstrated through research.
Grammar:
– ç ç©¶ (kenkyÅ«): research
– ã§ (de): by (means)
– 瀺ãããŠãã (shimesarete iru): passive form of ‘to show’ in the present continuous tense
Usage: Used to cite research findings.
Example:
ç ç©¶ã§ç€ºãããŠããããã«ãé©åºŠãªéåã¯å¥åº·ã«è¯ãã
As shown by research, moderate exercise is good for health.
Note: This phrase emphasizes that evidence comes from research.
æ¥æ¬ã®è±èªæè²ãžã®ç€ºå×‘ç€ºå’ (ãã) means ‘suggestion’ or ‘implication’. It’s used to indirectly point out something.
Grammar point: This is a noun that often takes the ãã verb to become ‘to suggest’ (瀺åãã – ãããã).
Example:
圌ã®çºèšã¯æ°ããæŠç¥ã®å¿
èŠæ§ã瀺åããŠããã
His remarks suggest the need for a new strategy.
Register: Formal
äœå¹Žãè±èªãåŠç¿ããŠããåºæ¬çãªã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãå°é£ãªåŠç¿è ãå€ãçŸç¶ãèããבå€ãçŸç¶ãèãã’ (ãããããããããããããã) means ‘to consider the current situation where there are many…’.
Grammar points:
– å€ã (ããã): many, numerous
– çŸç¶ (ããããã): current situation
– ãèãã (ãããããã): to consider something
Example:
å°ååã®çŸç¶ãèããå¿ èŠãããã
We need to consider the current situation of the declining birthrate.
Register: Neutralå¿ èŠããããŸããããçŸä»£çãª×‘ããçŸä»£ç㪒 (ããããã ããŠããª) means ‘more modern’.
Grammar point: ãã (ãã) is used to make comparisons, meaning ‘more’. çŸä»£ç (ããã ããŠã) means ‘modern’. 㪠(ãª) is a na-adjective ending.
Example:
ãã广çãªæ¹æ³ã詊ãã¹ãã ã
We should try a more effective method.
Register: Neutralã¢ãããŒããæ¡çšããŠããåœã בæ¡çšããŠããåœã ’ (ããããããŠãããã«ãã«) means ‘countries that are adopting’.
Grammar points:
– æ¡çšãã (ãããããã): to adopt, to employ
– ãŠãã (ãŠãã): present continuous tense
– åœã (ãã«ãã«): plural form of åœ (ãã« – country)
Example:
æ°ããæè¡ãæ¡çšããŠããäŒæ¥ã¯æé·ãéãã
Companies that are adopting new technologies are growing faster.
Register: NeutralïŒå欧諞åœ×‘忬§è«žåœ’ (ã»ããããããã) refers to ‘Nordic countries’.
Vocabulary:
– 忬§ (ã»ããã): Northern Europe
– è«žåœ (ãããã): various countries
Example:
忬§è«žåœã¯çŠç¥å¶åºŠãå å®ããŠããã
Nordic countries have well-developed welfare systems.
Register: Neutralãªã©ïŒã®æ¹ãè¯ãçµæãåºããŠããŸããèªç¶ãªã¢ãããŒãã§åŠãã çåŸã¯ãé·æçãªç ç©¶×‘é·æçãªç ç©¶’ (ã¡ããããŠããªãããã ã) means ‘long-term research’.
Grammar point: é·æç (ã¡ããããŠã) is a na-adjective meaning ‘long-term’. ç (ãŠã) is often added to nouns to make them na-adjectives.
Example:
é·æçãªèŠç¹ã§èããããšãéèŠã ã
It’s important to think from a long-term perspective.
Register: Neutralã«ãããŠåŸæ¥åã®æè²×‘åŸæ¥åã®æè²’ (ãã ãããããã®ããããã) refers to ‘conventional or traditional education’.
Grammar point: ïœå (ãã) means ‘type’ or ‘style’. åŸæ¥ (ãã ããã) means ‘conventional’ or ‘traditional’.
Example:
åŸæ¥åã®æ¹æ³ã«ã¯éçãããã
There are limitations to conventional methods.
Register: NeutralãåããçåŸããè¯ãæçžŸãåããŠããŸãבè¯ãæçžŸãåããŠããŸã’ (ãããããããããããŠããŸã) means ‘are achieving better results’.
Grammar points:
– è¯ãæçžŸ (ãããããã): good grades, good results
– ãåãã (ããããã): to achieve, to obtain (often used for results or achievements)
– ãŠããŸã (ãŠããŸã): present continuous tense (here implying a state)
Example:
圌ã¯ãã€ãè¯ãæçžŸãåããŠããã
He always achieves good results.
Register: Neutralãè¡å䞻矩çãªæ¹æ³×‘è¡å䞻矩çãªæ¹æ³’ (ããã©ããã ããŠããªã»ãã»ã) refers to ‘behavioristic methods’.
Grammar point: è¡å䞻矩ç (ããã©ããã ããŠã) is a na-adjective meaning ‘behavioristic’. ç (ãŠã) is often added to nouns to make them na-adjectives.
Example:
è¡å䞻矩çãªã¢ãããŒãã¯ãç¹å®ã®ç¶æ³ã§ã¯å¹æçã§ãã
Behavioristic approaches are effective in certain situations.
Register: Academicã¯ãæ¥æ¬äººåŠç¿è ã®è±èªææçבè±èªææç’ (ãããããããµããã) means ‘fear of English’.
Vocabulary:
– è±èª (ããã): English
– ææç (ããããµããã): phobia, fear
Example:
å€ãã®æ¥æ¬äººãè±èªææçãæ±ããŠãããšèšãããŠããŸãã
It is said that many Japanese people have a fear of English.
Register: Neutralã®äžå ãšãªã£ãŠããŸãבäžå ãšãªã£ãŠããŸã’ (ãã¡ãããšãªã£ãŠããŸã) means ‘is becoming one of the causes’.
Grammar points:
– äžå (ãã¡ãã): one of the causes
– ãšãªã (ãšãªã): to become
– ãŠããŸã (ãŠããŸã): present continuous tense (here implying a state)
Example:
ã¹ãã¬ã¹ã¯ç æ°ã®äžå ãšãªã£ãŠããã
Stress is becoming one of the causes of illness.
Register: Neutralã
å®è·µçãªèšŒæ ×‘å®è·µçãªèšŒæ ’ (ãã£ãããŠããªãããã) means ‘practical evidence’.
Grammar point: å®è·µç (ãã£ãããŠã) is a na-adjective meaning ‘practical’. ç (ãŠã) is often added to nouns to make them na-adjectives.
Example:
å®è·µçãªã¹ãã«ã身ã«ã€ããããšãéèŠã§ãã
It is important to acquire practical skills.
Register: Neutral
以äžã®ç¹ãããçŸä»£çãªã¢ãããŒãã®åªäœæ§×‘åªäœæ§’ (ããããã) means ‘superiority’ or ‘advantage’.
Vocabulary:
– åªäœ (ããã): superiority, advantage
– æ§ (ãã): suffix often used to form nouns indicating a quality or characteristic
Example:
ãã®è£œåã®åªäœæ§ã¯äŸ¡æ Œã«ããã
The advantage of this product lies in its price.
Register: Neutralã確èªã§ããŸãïŒ
- èªç¶ãªã¢ãããŒããšåŸæ¥åã®æå®€×‘åŸæ¥åã®æå®€’ (ãã
ãããããã®ããããã€) refers to ‘conventional classrooms’.
Grammar point: ïœå (ãã) means ‘type’ or ‘style’. åŸæ¥ (ãã ããã) means ‘conventional’ or ‘traditional’. æå®€ (ããããã€) means ‘classroom’.
Example:
åŸæ¥åã®æå®€ã§ã®ææ¥ã¯äžæ¹éè¡ã«ãªããã¡ã ã
Classes in conventional classrooms tend to be one-way.
Register: Neutralã§ã®è©Šéšã¹ã³ã¢×‘詊éšã¹ã³ã¢’ (ãããã¹ã³ã¢) refers to ‘test scores’.
Vocabulary:
– è©Šéš (ããã): exam, test
– ã¹ã³ã¢ (ã¹ã³ã¢): score
Example:
詊éšã¹ã³ã¢ãäžããããã«å匷ããã
I study to improve my test scores.
Register: Neutralã®æ¯èŒ - ç°ãªãæææ³×‘æææ³’ (ããããã
ã»ã) means ‘teaching methods’ or ‘pedagogy’.
Vocabulary:
– ææ (ããããã ): teaching, instruction
– æ³ (ã»ã): method, way
Example:
æ§ã ãªæææ³ãåŠã¶ããšã¯æåž«ã«ãšã£ãŠéèŠã§ãã
Learning various teaching methods is important for teachers.
Register: Academicã§åŠãã çåŸã®å®éã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³èœåã®æ¯èŒ - æ¥æ¬äººåŠç¿è
ã®è±èªèœåãä»åœ×‘ä»åœ’ (ããã) means ‘other countries’.
Vocabulary:
– ä» (ã): other
– åœ (ãã): country
Example:
ä»åœã®æåãåŠã¶ããšã¯èŠéãåºããã
Learning about the cultures of other countries broadens one’s horizons.
Register: Neutralãšæ¯èŒããç ç©¶çµæ×‘ç ç©¶çµæ’ (ãããã ããã£ã) means ‘research results’ or ‘study findings’.
Vocabulary:
– ç ç©¶ (ãããã ã): research, study
– çµæ (ãã£ã): result, outcome
Example:
ç ç©¶çµæãçºè¡šããã
I will present the research results.
Register: Academic - èªç¶ãªã¢ãããŒãã§åŠãã çåŸã®æ¹ãèªä¿¡ãæã£ãŠã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãåããבã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãåãã’ (ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ããšãã) means ‘can communicate’.
Grammar point: ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãåã (ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ããšã) is a common phrase meaning ‘to communicate’. ïœãã (ããã) is the potential form of a verb.
Example:
åœŒã¯æµæ¢ã«ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãåããã
He can communicate fluently.
Register: Neutralããšã瀺ãããŒã¿×‘瀺ãããŒã¿’ (ãããããŒã¿) means ‘data that shows’ or ‘indicating data’.
Grammar point: 瀺ã (ããã) means ‘to show’, ‘to indicate’.
Example:
ãã®ã°ã©ãã¯å£²äžã®å¢å ã瀺ãããŒã¿ã ã
This graph is data showing an increase in sales.
Register: Neutral
ãŸãšã
åŸæ¥ã®è¡å䞻矩çã¢ãããŒãã«ã¯å€ãã®åé¡ãããããšãç§åŠçã«èšŒæãããŠããŸãããã广çãªèšèªç¿åŸã®ããã«ã¯ãçŸä»£çãªæææ³ãæ¡çšããããšãéèŠã§ãããã ããæ¥æ¬ã®æè²æåבæè²æå’ (ãããããã¶ãã) refers to ‘educational culture’.
Vocabulary:
– æè² (ããããã): education
– æå (ã¶ãã): culture
Example:
ååœã®æè²æåã¯å€§ããç°ãªãã
The educational cultures of different countries vary greatly.
Register: Neutralãå°éããªããבå°éããªãã’ (ããã¡ããããªãã) means ‘while respecting’.
Grammar point: ïœãªãã (ãªãã) indicates doing two actions simultaneously. å°éãã (ããã¡ãããã) means ‘to respect’.
Example:
鳿¥œãèŽããªããå匷ããã
I study while listening to music.
Register: Neutralãæ®µéçã«×‘段éçã«’ (ã ããããŠãã«) means ‘gradually’ or ‘step-by-step’.
Grammar point: 段é (ã ããã) means ‘stage’ or ‘step’. ç (ãŠã) turns it into a na-adjective, and ã« (ã«) makes it an adverb.
Example:
段éçã«é²ããŠããèšç»ã§ãã
It’s a plan to proceed step-by-step.
Register: Neutralæ°ããã¢ãããŒããå°å
¥ããŠããããšãæãŸããã§ãããבããšãæãŸããã§ããã’ (ããšãã®ããŸããã§ããã) means ‘it would be desirable to…’.
Grammar points:
– ããš (ããš): nominalizer, making a verb a noun
– ãæãŸãã (ãã®ããŸãã): is desirable, is preferable
– ã§ããã (ã§ããã): a polite way to express a suggestion or opinion
Example:
æ©ãã«äºçŽããããšãæãŸããã§ãããã
It would be desirable to make a reservation early.
Register: Politeã

